GROFF(1)

NAME
groff - front-end for the groff document formatting system

SYNOPSIS
[file | | [option

The command line is parsed according to the usual GNU convention. The whitespace between a command line option and its argument is optional. Options can be grouped behind a single (minus character). A filename of (minus character) denotes the standard input.

DESCRIPTION
This document describes the groff program, the main front-end for the groff document formatting system. The groff program and macro suite is the implementation of a roff(7) system within the free software collection The groff system has all features of the classical roff, but adds many extensions.

The groff program allows to control the whole groff system by command line options. This is a great simplification in comparison to the classical case (which uses pipes only).

OPTIONS
As groff is a wrapper program for troff both programs share a set of options. But the groff program has some additional, native options and gives a new meaning to some troff options. On the other hand, not all troff options can be fed into groff.

  Native groff Options
The following options either do not exist for troff or are differently interpreted by groff. Preprocess with eqn. Preprocess with grn. Preprocess with grap. Print a help message. This option may be used to specify a directory to search for files (both those on the command line and those named in .psbb and .so requests, and \X'ps: import' and \X'ps: file' escapes). The current directory is always searched first. This option may be specified more than once; the directories will be searched in the order specified. No directory search is performed for files specified using an absolute path. This option implies the option. Send the output to a spooler program for printing. The command that should be used for this is specified by the print command in the device description file, see groff_font(5). If this command is not present, the output is piped into the lpr(1) program by default. See options and Pass arg to the spooler program. Several arguments should be passed with a separate option each. Note that groff does not prepend (a minus sign) to arg before passing it to the spooler program. Don't allow newlines within eqn delimiters. This is the same as the option in eqn. Preprocess with pic. Pass -option or -option arg to the postprocessor. The option must be specified with the necessary preceding minus sign(s) or because groff does not prepend any dashes before passing it to the postprocessor. For example, to pass a title to the gxditview postprocessor, the shell command

    is equivalent to

    Preprocess with refer. No mechanism is provided for passing arguments to refer because most refer options have equivalent language elements that can be specified within the document. See refer(1) for more details. Preprocess with soelim. Safer mode. Pass the option to pic and disable the following troff requests: .open, .opena, .pso, .sy, and .pi. For security reasons, safer mode is enabled by default. Preprocess with tbl. Set output device to dev. For this device, troff generates the intermediate output; see groff_out(5). Then groff calls a postprocessor to convert troff's intermediate output to its final format. Real devices in groff are

        dvi TeX DVI format (postprocessor is grodvi).

        html
            HTML output (preprocessors are soelim and pre-grohtml, postprocessor is post-grohtml).

        lbp Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers; postprocessor is grolbp).

        lj4 HP LaserJet4 compatible (or other PCL5 compatible) printers (postprocessor is grolj4).

        ps  PostScript output (postprocessor is grops).

    For the following TTY output devices (postprocessor is always grotty), selects the output encoding:

        ascii
            7bit ASCII.

        cp1047
            Latin-1 character set for EBCDIC hosts.

        latin1
            ISO 8859-1.

        utf8
            Unicode character set in UTF-8 encoding.

    The following arguments select gxditview as the `postprocessor' (it is rather a viewing program):

        X75 75dpi resolution, 10pt document base font.

        X75-12
            75dpi resolution, 12pt document base font.

        X100
            100dpi resolution, 10pt document base font.

        X100-12
            100dpi resolution, 12pt document base font.

    The default device is ps. Unsafe mode. Reverts to the (old) unsafe behaviour; see option Output version information of groff and of all programs that are run by it; that is, the given command line is parsed in the usual way, passing to all subprograms. Output the pipeline that would be run by groff (as a wrapper program) on the standard output, but do not execute it. If given more than once, the commands will be both printed on the standard error and run. Use gxditview instead of using the usual postprocessor to (pre)view a document. The printing spooler behavior as outlined with options and is carried over to gxditview(1) by determining an argument for the -printCommand option of gxditview(1). This sets the default Print action and the corresponding menu entry to that value. only produces good results with and The default resolution for previewing output is 75dpi; this can be changed by passing the option to gxditview, for example

    Suppress output generated by troff. Only error messages will be printed. Print the groff intermediate output to standard output; see groff_out(5). Normally groff calls automatically a postprocessor. With this option, the output of troff for the device, the so-called intermediate output is issued without postprocessing.

  Transparent Options
The following options are transparently handed over to the formatter program troff that is called by groff subsequently. These options are described in more detail in troff(1). ascii approximation of output. backtrace on error or warning. disable color output. Please consult the grotty(1) man page for more details. enable compatibility mode. define string. disable troff error messages. set default font family. set path for font DESC files. process standard input after the specified input files. include macro file name.tmac (or tmac.name); see also groff_tmac(5). path for macro files. number the first page num. output only pages in list. set number register. enable warning name. disable warning name.

USING GROFF
The groff system implements the infrastructure of classical roff; see roff(7) for a survey on how a roff system works in general. Due to the front-end programs available within the groff system, using groff is much easier than classical roff. This section gives an overview of the parts that constitute the groff system. It complements roff(7) with groff-specific features. This section can be regarded as a guide to the documentation around the groff system.

  Paper Size
The virtual paper size used by troff to format the input is controlled globally with the requests .po, .pl, and .ll. See groff_tmac(5) for the `papersize' macro package which provides a convenient interface.

The physical paper size, giving the actual dimensions of the paper sheets, is controlled by output devices like grops with the command line options -p and -l. See groff_font(5) and the man pages of the output devices for more details. groff uses the command line option -P to pass options to output devices; for example, the following selects A4 paper in landscape orientation for the PS device:

    groff -Tps -P-pa4 -P-l ...

  Front-ends
The groff program is a wrapper around the troff(1) program. It allows to specify the preprocessors by command line options and automatically runs the postprocessor that is appropriate for the selected device. Doing so, the sometimes tedious piping mechanism of classical roff(7) can be avoided.

The grog(1) program can be used for guessing the correct groff command line to format a file.

The groffer(1) program is an allround-viewer for groff files and man pages.

  Preprocessors
The groff preprocessors are reimplementations of the classical preprocessors with moderate extensions. The preprocessors distributed with the groff package are

eqn(1)
    for mathematical formulæ,

grn(1)
    for including gremlin(1) pictures,

pic(1)
    for drawing diagrams,

refer(1)
    for bibliographic references,

soelim(1)
    for including macro files from standard locations,

and

tbl(1)
    for tables.

Besides these, there are some internal preprocessors that are automatically run with some devices. These aren't visible to the user.

  Macro Packages
Macro packages can be included by option The groff system implements and extends all classical macro packages in a compatible way and adds some packages of its own. Actually, the following macro packages come with groff:

man The traditional man page format; see groff_man(7). It can be specified on the command line as or man.

mandoc
    The general package for man pages; it automatically recognizes whether the documents uses the man or the mdoc format and branches to the corresponding macro package. It can be specified on the command line as or mandoc.

mdoc
    The BSD-style man page format; see groff_mdoc(7). It can be specified on the command line as or mdoc.

me  The classical me document format; see groff_me(7). It can be specified on the command line as or me.

mm  The classical mm document format; see groff_mm(7). It can be specified on the command line as or mm.

ms  The classical ms document format; see groff_ms(7). It can be specified on the command line as or ms.

www HTML-like macros for inclusion in arbitrary groff documents; see groff_www(7).

Details on the naming of macro files and their placement can be found in groff_tmac(5); this man page also documents some other, minor auxiliary macro packages not mentioned here.

  Programming Language
General concepts common to all roff programming languages are described in roff(7).

The groff extensions to the classical troff language are documented in groff_diff(7).

The groff language as a whole is described in the (still incomplete) groff info file; a short (but complete) reference can be found in groff(7).

  Formatters
The central roff formatter within the groff system is troff(1). It provides the features of both the classical troff and nroff, as well as the groff extensions. The command line option switches troff into compatibility mode which tries to emulate classical roff as much as possible.

There is a shell script nroff(1) that emulates the behavior of classical nroff. It tries to automatically select the proper output encoding, according to the current locale.

The formatter program generates intermediate output; see groff_out(7).

  Devices
In roff, the output targets are called devices. A device can be a piece of hardware, e.g. a printer, or a software file format. A device is specified by the option The groff devices are as follows.

ascii
    Text output using the ascii(7) character set.

cp1047
    Text output using the EBCDIC code page IBM cp1047 (e.g. OS/390 Unix).

dvi TeX DVI format.

html
    HTML output.

latin1
    Text output using the ISO Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) character set; see iso_8859_1(7).

lbp Output for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers).

lj4 HP LaserJet4-compatible (or other PCL5-compatible) printers.

ps  PostScript output; suitable for printers and previewers like gv(1).

utf8
    Text output using the Unicode (ISO 10646) character set with UTF-8 encoding; see unicode(7).

X75 75dpi X Window System output suitable for the previewers xditview(1x) and gxditview(1). A variant for a 12pt document base font is X75-12.

X100
    100dpi X Window System output suitable for the previewers xditview(1x) and gxditview(1). A variant for a 12pt document base font is X100-12.

The postprocessor to be used for a device is specified by the postpro command in the device description file; see groff_font(5). This can be overridden with the -X option.

The default device is ps.

  Postprocessors
groff provides 3 hardware postprocessors:

grolbp(1)
    for some Canon printers,

grolj4(1)
    for printers compatible to the HP LaserJet 4 and PCL5,

grotty(1)
    for text output using various encodings, e.g. on text-oriented terminals or line-printers.

Today, most printing or drawing hardware is handled by the operating system, by device drivers, or by software interfaces, usually accepting PostScript. Consequently, there isn't an urgent need for more hardware device postprocessors.

The groff software devices for conversion into other document file formats are

grodvi(1)
    for the DVI format,

grohtml(1)
    for HTML format,

grops(1)
    for PostScript.

Combined with the many existing free conversion tools this should be sufficient to convert a troff document into virtually any existing data format.

  Utilities
The following utility programs around groff are available.

addftinfo(1)
    Add information to troff font description files for use with groff.

afmtodit(1)
    Create font description files for PostScript device.

groffer(1)
    General viewer program for groff files and man pages.

gxditview(1)
    The groff X viewer, the GNU version of xditview.

hpftodit(1)
    Create font description files for lj4 device.

indxbib(1)
    Make inverted index for bibliographic databases.

lkbib(1)
    Search bibliographic databases.

lookbib(1)
    Interactively search bibliographic databases.

pfbtops(1)
    Translate a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII.

tfmtodit(1)
    Create font description files for TeX DVI device.

xditview(1x)
    roff viewer distributed with X window.

ENVIRONMENT
Normally, the path separator in the following environment variables is the colon; this may vary depending on the operating system. For example, DOS and Windows use a semicolon instead.

This search path, followed by
    will be used for commands that are executed by groff. If it is not set then the directory where the groff binaries were installed is prepended to

When there is a need to run different roff implementations at the same
    time groff provides the facility to prepend a prefix to most of its programs that could provoke name clashings at run time (default is to have none). Historically, this prefix was the character g, but it can be anything. For example, gtroff stood for groff's troff, gtbl for the groff version of tbl. By setting to different values, the different roff installations can be addressed. More exactly, if it is set to prefix xxx then groff as a wrapper program will internally call xxxtroff instead of troff. This also applies to the preprocessors eqn, grn, pic, refer, tbl, soelim, and to the utilities indxbib and lookbib. This feature does not apply to any programs different from the ones above (most notably groff itself) since they are unique to the groff package.

A list of directories in which to search for the
    devname directory in addition to the default ones. See troff(1) and groff_font(5) for more details.

A list of directories in which to search for macro files in addition to
    the default directories. See troff(1) and groff_tmac(5) for more details.

The directory in which temporary files will be created.
    If this is not set but the environment variable instead, temporary files will be created in the directory On MS-DOS and Windows 32 platforms, the environment variables and (in that order) are searched also, after and Otherwise, temporary files will be created in /tmp. The refer(1), groffer(1), grohtml(1), and grops(1) commands use temporary files.

Preset the default device.
    If this is not set the ps device is used as default. This device name is overwritten by the option

FILES
There are some directories in which groff installs all of its data files. Due to different installation habits on different operating systems, their locations are not absolutely fixed, but their function is clearly defined and coincides on all systems.

  groff Macro Directory
This contains all information related to macro packages. Note that more than a single directory is searched for those files as documented in groff_tmac(5). For the groff installation corresponding to this document, it is located at /usr/share/tmac. The following files contained in the groff macro directory have a special meaning:

troffrc
    Initialization file for troff. This is interpreted by troff before reading the macro sets and any input.

troffrc-end
    Final startup file for troff, it is parsed after all macro sets have been read.

name.tmac
    tmac.name Macro file for macro package name.

  groff Font Directory
This contains all information related to output devices. Note that more than a single directory is searched for those files; see troff(1). For the groff installation corresponding to this document, it is located at /usr/share/groff_font. The following files contained in the groff font directory have a special meaning:

devname/DESC
    Device description file for device name, see groff_font(5).

devname/F
    Font file for font F of device name.

EXAMPLES
The following example illustrates the power of the groff program as a wrapper around troff.

To process a roff file using the preprocessors tbl and pic and the me macro set, classical troff had to be called by

Using groff, this pipe can be shortened to the equivalent command

An even easier way to call this is to use grog(1) to guess the preprocessor and macro options and execute the generated command (by using backquotes to specify shell command substitution)

The simplest way is to view the contents in an automated way by calling

BUGS

On EBCDIC hosts (e.g. OS/390 Unix), output devices ascii and latin1 aren't available. Similarly, output for EBCDIC code page cp1047 is not available on ASCII based operating systems.

Report bugs to bug-groff@gnu.org. Include a complete, self-contained example that will allow the bug to be reproduced, and say which version of groff you are using.

AVAILABILITY
Information on how to get groff and related information is available at the The most recent released version of groff is available for anonymous ftp at the

Three groff mailing lists are available:

for reporting bugs,

for general discussion of groff,

a read-only list showing logs of commitments to the CVS repository.

Details on CVS access and much more can be found in the file README at the top directory of the groff source package.

There is a free implementation of the grap preprocessor, written by The actual version can be found at the This is the only grap version supported by groff.

AUTHORS
Copyright © 1989, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the

This document is based on the original groff man page written by It was rewritten, enhanced, and put under the FDL license by Bernd Warken. It is maintained by

groff is a GNU free software project. All parts of the groff package are protected by GNU copyleft licenses. The software files are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), while the documentation files mostly use the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL).

SEE ALSO
The groff info file contains all information on the groff system within a single document. Beneath the detailed documentation of all aspects, it provides examples and background information. See info(1) on how to read it.

Due to its complex structure, the groff system has many man pages. They can be read with man(1) or groffer(1).

Introduction, history and further readings:
    roff(7).

Viewer for groff files:
    groffer(1), gxditview(1), xditview(1x).

Wrapper programs for formatters:
    groff(1), grog(1).

Roff preprocessors:
    eqn(1), grn(1), pic(1), refer(1), soelim(1), tbl(1), grap(1).

Roff language with the groff extensions:
    groff(7), groff_char(7), groff_diff(7), groff_font(5).

Roff formatter programs:
    nroff(1), troff(1), ditroff(7).

The intermediate output language: groff_out(7).

Postprocessors for the output devices:
    grodvi(1), grohtml(1), grolbp(1), grolj4(1), lj4_font(5), grops(1), grotty(1).

Groff macro packages and macro-specific utilities:
    groff_tmac(5), groff_man(7), groff_mdoc(7), groff_me(7), groff_mm(7), groff_mmse(7), groff_mom(7), groff_ms(7), groff_www(7), groff_trace(7), mmroff(7).

The following utilities are available:
    addftinfo(1), afmtodit(1), eqn2graph(1), grap2graph(1), groffer(1), gxditview(1), hpftodit(1), indxbib(1), lookbib(1), pfbtops(1), pic2graph(1), tfmtodit(1).