GROFF_CHAR(7)

GROFF_CHAR(7) | Miscellaneous Information Manual | GROFF_CHAR(7)

# NAME

groff_char - groff glyph names

# DESCRIPTION

This manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin-1. The glyphs in this document will look different depending on which output device was chosen (with option -T for the man(1) program or the roff formatter). Glyphs not available for the device that is being used to print or view this manual page will be marked with `(N/A)'; the device currently used is `html'.

In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named entities for further glyphs. On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal) represent the usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding characters in the Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) code set by default. This mapping is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be changed by loading a different input encoding. Note that some of the input characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for special input purposes. On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047 is supported (which contains the same characters as Latin-1; the input encoding file is called cp1047.tmac). Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special purposes. It is rather straightforward (for the experienced user) to set up other 8-bit encodings like Latin-2; since groff will use Unicode in the next major version, no additional encodings are provided.

All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs. In traditional roff systems, only names of length 2 were used, while groff also provides support for longer names. It is strongly suggested that only named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of the printable 7-bit ASCII range.

Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1) also produce single characters; these exist for historical reasons or are printable versions of syntactical characters. They include `\\', `\´', `\`', `\-', `\.', and `\e'; see groff(7).

In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be tested positively with the `.if c' conditional.

# REFERENCE

In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form. The meaning of the columns is as follows.

Output
  shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it always represents the same glyph.
Input name
  specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
Input code
  applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and gives the ISO Latin-1 decimal code of that input character. Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.
PostScript name
  gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
Unicode decomposed
  is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.

## 7-bit Character Codes 32-126

These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned. They are identical to the printable characters of the character standards ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) and Unicode (range C0 Controls and Basic Latin). The glyph names used in composite glyph names are `u0020' up to `u007E'.

Note that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not printable characters. Most of them are invalid input characters for groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning. For EBCDIC, the printable characters are in the range 66-255.

48-57
  Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
65-90
  Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).
97-122
  Lower case letters a-z (print as themselves).

Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:

`
  the ISO Latin-1 `Grave Accent' (code 96) prints as `, a left single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\`'.
´
  the ISO Latin-1 `Apostrophe' (code 39) prints as ', a right single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\(aq'.
-
  the ISO Latin-1 `Hyphen, Minus Sign' (code 45) prints as a hyphen; a minus sign can be obtained with `\-'.
~
  the ISO Latin-1 `Tilde' (code 126) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\(ti'.
^
  the ISO Latin-1 `Circumflex Accent' (code 94) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\(ha'.

OutputInputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namecodenamedecomposed

!
!33exclamu0021

"
"34quotedblu0022

#
#35numbersignu0023

$
$36dollaru0024

%
%37percentu0025

&
&38ampersandu0026

'
'39quoterightu0027

(
(40parenleftu0028

)
)41parenrightu0029

*
*42asterisku002A

+
+43plusu002B

,
,44commau002C

-
-45hyphenu2010

.
.46periodu002E

/
/47slashu002F

:
:58colonu003A

;
;59semicolonu003B

<
<60lessu003C

=
=61equalu003D

>
>62greateru003E

?
?63questionu003F

@
@64atu0040

[
[91bracketleftu005B

\
\92backslashu005C

]
]93bracketrightu005D

^
^94circumflexu005E

circumflex accent
_
_95underscoreu005F

`
`96quoteleftu0060

{
{123braceleftu007B

|
|124baru007C

}
}125bracerightu007D

~
~126tildeu007E

tilde accent

## 8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255

They are interpreted as printable characters according to the Latin-1 (iso-8859-1) code set, being identical to the Unicode range C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement.

Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable characters.

160
  the ISO Latin-1 no-break space is mapped to `\~', the stretchable space character.
173
  the soft hyphen control character. groff never uses this character for output (thus it is omitted in the table below); the input character 173 is mapped onto `\%'.

The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that print as themselves. Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems with a Latin-1 code page, it is better to use their glyph names; see next section.

OutputInputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namecodenamedecomposed

¡
¡161exclamdownu00A1

inverted exclamation mark
¢
¢162centu00A2

£
£163sterlingu00A3

¤
¤164currencyu00A4

¥
¥165yenu00A5

¦
¦166brokenbaru00A6

§
§167sectionu00A7

¨
¨168dieresisu00A8

©
©169copyrightu00A9

ª
ª170ordfeminineu00AA

«
«171guillemotleftu00AB

¬
¬172logicalnotu00AC

®
®174registeredu00AE

¯
¯175macronu00AF

°
°176degreeu00B0

±
±177plusminusu00B1

²
²178twosuperioru00B2

³
³179threesuperioru00B3

´
´180acuteu00B4

acute accent
µ
µ181muu00B5

micro sign
¶
¶182paragraphu00B6

·
·183periodcenteredu00B7

¸
¸184cedillau00B8

¹
¹185onesuperioru00B9

º
º186ordmasculineu00BA

»
»187guillemotrightu00BB

¼
¼188onequarteru00BC

½
½189onehalfu00BD

¾
¾190threequartersu00BE

¿
¿191questiondownu00BF

À
À192Agraveu0041_0300

Á
Á193Aacuteu0041_0301

Â
Â194Acircumflexu0041_0302

Ã
Ã195Atildeu0041_0303

Ä
Ä196Adieresisu0041_0308

Å
Å197Aringu0041_030A

Æ
Æ198AEu00C6

Ç
Ç199Ccedillau0043_0327

È
È200Egraveu0045_0300

É
É201Eacuteu0045_0301

Ê
Ê202Ecircumflexu0045_0302

Ë
Ë203Edieresisu0045_0308

Ì
Ì204Igraveu0049_0300

Í
Í205Iacuteu0049_0301

Î
Î206Icircumflexu0049_0302

Ï
Ï207Idieresisu0049_0308

Ð
Ð208Ethu00D0

Ñ
Ñ209Ntildeu004E_0303

Ò
Ò210Ograveu004F_0300

Ó
Ó211Oacuteu004F_0301

Ô
Ô212Ocircumflexu004F_0302

Õ
Õ213Otildeu004F_0303

Ö
Ö214Odieresisu004F_0308

×
×215multiplyu00D7

Ø
Ø216Oslashu00D8

Ù
Ù217Ugraveu0055_0300

Ú
Ú218Uacuteu0055_0301

Û
Û219Ucircumflexu0055_0302

Ü
Ü220Udieresisu0055_0308

Ý
Ý221Yacuteu0059_0301

Þ
Þ222Thornu00DE

ß
ß223germandblsu00DF

à
à224agraveu0061_0300

á
á225aacuteu0061_0301

â
â226acircumflexu0061_0302

ã
ã227atildeu0061_0303

ä
ä228adieresisu0061_0308

å
å229aringu0061_030A

æ
æ230aeu00E6

ç
ç231ccedillau0063_0327

è
è232egraveu0065_0300

é
é233eacuteu0065_0301

ê
ê234ecircumflexu0065_0302

ë
ë235edieresisu0065_0308

ì
ì236igraveu0069_0300

í
í237iacuteu0069_0301

î
î238icircumflexu0069_0302

ï
ï239idieresisu0069_0308

ð
ð240ethu00F0

ñ
ñ241ntildeu006E_0303

ò
ò242ograveu006F_0300

ó
ó243oacuteu006F_0301

ô
ô244ocircumflexu006F_0302

õ
õ245otildeu006F_0303

ö
ö246odieresisu006F_0308

÷
÷247divideu00F7

ø
ø248oslashu00F8

ù
ù249ugraveu0075_0300

ú
ú250uacuteu0075_0301

û
û251ucircumflexu0075_0302

ü
ü252udieresisu0075_0308

ý
ý253yacuteu0079_0301

þ
þ254thornu00FE

ÿ
ÿ255ydieresisu0079_0308

## Named Glyphs

Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences. groff(7) describes how these escape sequences look. Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the ASCII or Latin-1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters. Here some examples:

\c
  A glyph having the name c, which consists of a single character (length 1).
\(ch
  A glyph having the 2-character name ch.
\[char_name]
  A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3, ...).
\[base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 ...]
  A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.

In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct `\[charn]' where n is the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those entities are not glyph names). They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin request. Another special convention is the handling of glyphs with names directly derived from a Unicode code point; this is discussed below. Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see groff(7).

In the following, a plus sign in the `Notes' column indicates that this particular glyph name appears in the PS version of the original troff documentation, CSTR 54.

OutputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namenamedecomposed

\[-D]
ÐEthu00D0

uppercase eth
\[Sd]
ðethu00F0

lowercase eth
\[TP]
ÞThornu00DE

uppercase thorn
\[Tp]
þthornu00FE

lowercase thorn
\[ss]
ßgermandblsu00DF

German sharp s

Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs

\[ff]
ﬀffu0066_0066

ff ligature +
\[fi]
ﬁfiu0066_0069

fi ligature +
\[fl]
ﬂflu0066_006C

fl ligature +
\[Fi]
ﬃffiu0066_0066_0069

ffi ligature +
\[Fl]
ﬄfflu0066_0066_006C

ffl ligature +
\[/L]
ŁLslashu0141

(Polish)
\[/l]
łlslashu0142

(Polish)
\[/O]
ØOslashu00D8

(Scandinavic)
\[/o]
øoslashu00F8

(Scandinavic)
\[AE]
ÆAEu00C6

\[ae]
æaeu00E6

\[OE]
ŒOEu0152

\[oe]
œoeu0153

\[IJ]
ĲIJu0132

(Dutch)
\[ij]
ĳiju0133

(Dutch)
\[.i]
ıdotlessiu0131

(Turkish)
\[.j]
ȷdotlessj---

j without a dot

Accented Characters

\[´A]
ÁAacuteu0041_0301

\[´C]
(N/A)Cacuteu0043_0301

\[´E]
ÉEacuteu0045_0301

\[´I]
ÍIacuteu0049_0301

\[´O]
ÓOacuteu004F_0301

\[´U]
ÚUacuteu0055_0301

\[´Y]
ÝYacuteu0059_0301

\[´a]
áaacuteu0061_0301

\[´c]
(N/A)cacuteu0063_0301

\[´e]
éeacuteu0065_0301

\[´i]
íiacuteu0069_0301

\[´o]
óoacuteu006F_0301

\[´u]
úuacuteu0075_0301

\[´y]
ýyacuteu0079_0301

\[:A]
ÄAdieresisu0041_0308

A with umlaut
\[:E]
ËEdieresisu0045_0308

\[:I]
ÏIdieresisu0049_0308

\[:O]
ÖOdieresisu004F_0308

\[:U]
ÜUdieresisu0055_0308

\[:Y]
(N/A)Ydieresisu0059_0308

\[:a]
äadieresisu0061_0308

\[:e]
ëedieresisu0065_0308

\[:i]
ïidieresisu0069_0308

\[:o]
öodieresisu006F_0308

\[:u]
üudieresisu0075_0308

\[:y]
ÿydieresisu0079_0308

\[^A]
ÂAcircumflexu0041_0302

\[^E]
ÊEcircumflexu0045_0302

\[^I]
ÎIcircumflexu0049_0302

\[^O]
ÔOcircumflexu004F_0302

\[^U]
ÛUcircumflexu0055_0302

\[^a]
âacircumflexu0061_0302

\[^e]
êecircumflexu0065_0302

\[^i]
îicircumflexu0069_0302

\[^o]
ôocircumflexu006F_0302

\[^u]
ûucircumflexu0075_0302

\[`A]
ÀAgraveu0041_0300

\[`E]
ÈEgraveu0045_0300

\[`I]
ÌIgraveu0049_0300

\[`O]
ÒOgraveu004F_0300

\[`U]
ÙUgraveu0055_0300

\[`a]
àagraveu0061_0300

\[`e]
èegraveu0065_0300

\[`i]
ìigraveu0069_0300

\[`o]
òograveu006F_0300

\[`u]
ùugraveu0075_0300

\[~A]
ÃAtildeu0041_0303

\[~N]
ÑNtildeu004E_0303

\[~O]
ÕOtildeu004F_0303

\[~a]
ãatildeu0061_0303

\[~n]
ñntildeu006E_0303

\[~o]
õotildeu006F_0303

\[vS]
(N/A)Scaronu0053_030C

\[vs]
(N/A)scaronu0073_030C

\[vZ]
(N/A)Zcaronu005A_030C

\[vz]
(N/A)zcaronu007A_030C

\[,C]
ÇCcedillau0043_0327

\[,c]
çccedillau0063_0327

\[oA]
ÅAringu0041_030A

\[oa]
åaringu0061_030A

Accents

The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names; the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.

OutputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namenamedecomposed

\[a"]
(N/A)hungarumlautu030B (u02DD)

(Hungarian)
\[a-]
¯macronu0304 (u00AF)

\[a.]
˙dotaccentu0307 (u02D9)

\[a^]
^circumflexu0302 (u005E)

\[aa]
´acuteu0301 (u00B4)

+
\[ga]
`graveu0300 (u0060)

+
\[ab]
˘breveu0306 (u02D8)

\[ac]
¸cedillau0327 (u00B8)

\[ad]
¨dieresisu0308 (u00A8)

umlaut
\[ah]
ˇcaronu030C (u02C7)

háˇcek
\[ao]
˚ringu030A (u02DA)

circle
\[a~]
~tildeu0303 (u007E)

\[ho]
˛ogoneku0328 (u02DB)

hook
\[ha]
^asciicircumu005E

(spacing)
\[ti]
~asciitildeu007E

(spacing)

Quotes

\[Bq]
„quotedblbaseu201E

low double comma quote
\[bq]
‚quotesinglbaseu201A

low single comma quote
\[lq]
“quotedblleftu201C

\[rq]
”quotedblrightu201D

\[oq]
‘quoteleftu2018

single open quote
\[cq]
’quoterightu2019

single closing quote
\[aq]
'quotesingleu0027

apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
\[dq]
"quotedblu0022

double quote (ASCII 34)
\[Fo]
«guillemotleftu00AB

\[Fc]
»guillemotrightu00BB

\[fo]
‹guilsinglleftu2039

\[fc]
›guilsinglrightu203A

Punctuation

\[r!]
¡exclamdownu00A1

\[r?]
¿questiondownu00BF

\[em]
—emdashu2014

+
\[en]
–endashu2013

\[hy]
‐hyphenu2010

+

Brackets

The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs. In classical troff only one glyph was available to vertically extend brackets, braces, and parentheses: `bv'. We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.

Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can be piled up with `\b' due to the restrictions of the escape's piling algorithm. A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the following macro:

    .\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
    .\" above the baseline.
    .\" The first argument is placed at the top.
    .\" The pile is returned in string `pile'
    .eo
    .de pile-make
    .  nr pile-wd 0
    .  nr pile-ht 0
    .  ds pile-args
    .
    .  nr pile-# \n[.$]
    .  while \n[pile-#] \{\
    .    nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w'\$[\n[pile-#]]')
    .    nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
    .    as pile-args \v'\n[rsb]u'\"
    .    as pile-args \Z'\$[\n[pile-#]]'\"
    .    as pile-args \v'-\n[rst]u'\"
    .    nr pile-# -1
    .  \}
    .
    .  ds pile \v'(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\"
    .  as pile \*[pile-args]\"
    .  as pile \v'((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\"
    .  as pile \h'\n[pile-wd]u'\"
    ..
    .ec

Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket pieces in original troff can be used for other mathematical symbols also, for example `lf' and `rf' which provide the `floor' operator. Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don't unify such glyphs. For this reason, the four glyphs `lf', `rf', `lc', and `rc' are not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces. In groff, only glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all devices (provided those glyphs exist).

OutputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namenamedecomposed

\[lB]
[bracketleftu005B

\[rB]
]bracketrightu005D

\[lC]
{braceleftu007B

\[rC]
}bracerightu007D

\[la]
⟨angleleftu27E8

left angle bracket
\[ra]
⟩anglerightu27E9

right angle bracket
\[bv]
⎪braceexu23AA

vertical extension *** +
\[braceex]
⎪braceexu23AA

\[bracketlefttp]
⎡bracketlefttpu23A1

\[bracketleftbt]
⎣bracketleftbtu23A3

\[bracketleftex]
⎢bracketleftexu23A2

\[bracketrighttp]
⎤bracketrighttpu23A4

\[bracketrightbt]
⎦bracketrightbtu23A6

\[bracketrightex]
⎥bracketrightexu23A5

\[lt]
⎧bracelefttpu23A7

+
\[bracelefttp]
⎧bracelefttpu23A7

\[lk]
⎨braceleftmidu23A8

+
\[braceleftmid]
⎨braceleftmidu23A8

\[lb]
⎩braceleftbtu23A9

+
\[braceleftbt]
⎩braceleftbtu23A9

\[braceleftex]
⎪braceleftexu23AA

\[rt]
⎫bracerighttpu23AB

+
\[bracerighttp]
⎫bracerighttpu23AB

\[rk]
⎬bracerightmidu23AC

+
\[bracerightmid]
⎬bracerightmidu23AC

\[rb]
⎭bracerightbtu23AD

+
\[bracerightbt]
⎭bracerightbtu23AD

\[bracerightex]
⎪bracerightexu23AA

\[parenlefttp]
⎛parenlefttpu239B

\[parenleftbt]
⎝parenleftbtu239D

\[parenleftex]
⎜parenleftexu239C

\[parenrighttp]
⎞parenrighttpu239E

\[parenrightbt]
⎠parenrightbtu23A0

\[parenrightex]
⎟parenrightexu239F

Arrows

\[<-]
←arrowleftu2190

+
\[->]
→arrowrightu2192

+
\[<>]
↔arrowbothu2194

(horizontal)
\[da]
↓arrowdownu2193

+
\[ua]
↑arrowupu2191

+
\[va]
↕arrowupdnu2195

\[lA]
⇐arrowdblleftu21D0

\[rA]
⇒arrowdblrightu21D2

\[hA]
⇔arrowdblbothu21D4

(horizontal)
\[dA]
⇓arrowdbldownu21D3

\[uA]
⇑arrowdblupu21D1

\[vA]
⇕uni21D5u21D5

vertical double-headed double arrow
\[an]
⎯arrowhorizexu23AF

horizontal arrow extension

Lines

The font-invariant glyphs `br', `ul', and `rn' form corners; they can be used to build boxes. Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.

`rn' also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the square root sign.

`ru' is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.

OutputInputPostScriptUnicodeNotes
namenamedecomposed

\[ba]
|baru007C

\[br]
│SF110000u2502

box rule +
\[ul]
_underscoreu005F

+
\[rn]
‾overlineu203E

use `\[radicalex]' for continuation of square root +
\[ru]
_------

baseline rule +
\[bb]
¦brokenbaru00A6

\[sl]
/slashu002F

+
\[rs]
\backslashu005C

reverse solidus

Text markers

\[ci]
○circleu25CB

+
\[bu]
•bulletu2022

+
\[dd]
‡daggerdblu2021

double dagger sign +
\[dg]
†daggeru2020

+
\[lz]
◊lozengeu25CA

\[sq]
□uni25A1u25A1

white square +
\[ps]
¶paragraphu00B6

\[sc]
§sectionu00A7

+
\[lh]
☜uni261Cu261C

hand pointing left +
\[rh]
☞a14u261E

hand pointing right +
\[at]
@atu0040

\[sh]
#numbersignu0023

\[CR]
↵carriagereturnu21B5

\[OK]
✓a19u2713

check mark, tick

Legal Symbols

\[co]
©copyrightu00A9

+
\[rg]
®registeredu00AE

+
\[tm]
™trademarku2122

\[bs]
(N/A)------

AT&T Bell Labs logo (not used in groff) +

Currency symbols

\[Do]
$dollaru0024

\[ct]
¢centu00A2

+
\[eu]
€---u20AC

official Euro symbol
\[Eu]
€Eurou20AC

font-specific Euro glyph variant
\[Ye]
¥yenu00A5

\[Po]
£sterlingu00A3

British currency sign
\[Cs]
¤currencyu00A4

Scandinavian currency sign
\[Fn]
ƒflorinu0192

Dutch currency sign

Units

\[de]
°degreeu00B0

+
\[%0]
‰perthousandu2030

per thousand, per mille sign
\[fm]
′minuteu2032

footmark, prime +
\[sd]
″secondu2033

\[mc]
µmuu00B5

micro sign
\[Of]
ªordfeminineu00AA

\[Om]
ºordmasculineu00BA

Logical Symbols

\[AN]
∧logicalandu2227

\[OR]
∨logicaloru2228

\[no]
¬logicalnotu00AC

+
\[tno]
¬logicalnotu00AC

text variant of `no'
\[te]
∃existentialu2203

there exists, existential quantifier
\[fa]
∀universalu2200

for all, universal quantifier
\[st]
∋suchthatu220B

\[3d]
∴thereforeu2234

\[tf]
∴thereforeu2234

\[or]
|baru007C

bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +

Mathematical Symbols

\[12]
½onehalfu00BD

+
\[14]
¼onequarteru00BC

+
\[34]
¾threequartersu00BE

+
\[18]
⅛oneeighthu215B

\[38]
⅜threeeighthsu215C

\[58]
⅝fiveeighthsu215D

\[78]
⅞seveneighthsu215E

\[S1]
¹onesuperioru00B9

\[S2]
²twosuperioru00B2

\[S3]
³threesuperioru00B3

\[pl]
+plusu002B

plus sign in special font +
\[mi]
−minusu2212

minus sign in special font +
\[-+]
∓uni2213u2213

\[+-]
±plusminusu00B1

+
\[t+-]
±plusminusu00B1

text variant of `+-'
\[pc]
·periodcenteredu00B7

\[md]
⋅dotmathu22C5

multiplication dot
\[mu]
×multiplyu00D7

+
\[tmu]
×multiplyu00D7

text variant of `mu'
\[c*]
⊗circlemultiplyu2297

multiply sign in a circle
\[c+]
⊕circleplusu2295

plus sign in a circle
\[di]
÷divideu00F7

division sign +
\[tdi]
÷divideu00F7

text variant of `di'
\[f/]
⁄fractionu2044

bar for fractions
\[**]
∗asteriskmathu2217

+
\[<=]
≤lessequalu2264

+
\[>=]
≥greaterequalu2265

+
\[<<]
≪uni226Au226A

much less
\[>>]
≫uni226Bu226B

much greater
\[eq]
=equalu003D

equals sign in special font +
\[!=]
≠notequalu003D_0338

+
\[==]
≡equivalenceu2261

+
\[ne]
≢uni2262u2261_0338

\[=~]
≅congruentu2245

approx. equal
\[|=]
≃uni2243u2243

asymptot. equal to +
\[ap]
∼similaru223C

+
\[~~]
≈approxequalu2248

almost equal to
\[~=]
≈approxequalu2248

\[pt]
∝proportionalu221D

+
\[es]
∅emptysetu2205

+
\[mo]
∈elementu2208

+
\[nm]
∉notelementu2208_0338

\[sb]
⊂propersubsetu2282

+
\[nb]
⊄notsubsetu2282_0338

\[sp]
⊃propersupersetu2283

+
\[nc]
⊅uni2285u2283_0338

not superset
\[ib]
⊆reflexsubsetu2286

+
\[ip]
⊇reflexsupersetu2287

+
\[ca]
∩intersectionu2229

intersection, cap +
\[cu]
∪unionu222A

union, cup +
\[/_]
∠angleu2220

\[pp]
⊥perpendicularu22A5

\[is]
∫integralu222B

+
\[integral]
∫integralu222B

***
\[sum]
∑summationu2211

***
\[product]
∏productu220F

***
\[coproduct]
∐uni2210u2210

***
\[gr]
∇gradientu2207

+
\[sr]
√radicalu221A

square root +
\[sqrt]
√radicalu221A

***
\[radicalex]
(N/A)radicalex---

continuation of square root
\[sqrtex]
(N/A)radicalex---

***
\[lc]
⌈uni2308u2308

left ceiling +
\[rc]
⌉uni2309u2309

right ceiling +
\[lf]
⌊uni230Au230A

left floor +
\[rf]
⌋uni230Bu230B

right floor +
\[if]
∞infinityu221E

+
\[Ah]
ℵalephu2135

\[Im]
ℑIfrakturu2111

Gothic I, imaginary
\[Re]
ℜRfrakturu211C

Gothic R, real
\[wp]
℘weierstrassu2118

Weierstrass p
\[pd]
∂partialdiffu2202

partial differentiation sign +
\[-h]
ℏuni210Fu210F

Planck constant over two pi
\[hbar]
ℏuni210Fu210F

Greek characters

These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally, the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones are slanted. There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Unicode. Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6, GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a reference. Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5 is the stroked variant and U+03C5 the curly glyph. Unfortunately, most font vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in Unicode. At the time of this writing (February 2003), it is not clear yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names `phi' and `phi1' also change its meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely to happen – being conservative, groff currently assumes that `phi' in a PostScript symbol font is the stroked version.

In groff, symbol `\[*f]' always denotes the stroked version of phi, and `\[+f]' the curly variant.

\[*A]
ΑAlphau0391

+
\[*B]
ΒBetau0392

+
\[*G]
ΓGammau0393

+
\[*D]
ΔDeltau0394

+
\[*E]
ΕEpsilonu0395

+
\[*Z]
ΖZetau0396

+
\[*Y]
ΗEtau0397

+
\[*H]
ΘThetau0398

+
\[*I]
ΙIotau0399

+
\[*K]
ΚKappau039A

+
\[*L]
ΛLambdau039B

+
\[*M]
ΜMuu039C

+
\[*N]
ΝNuu039D

+
\[*C]
ΞXiu039E

+
\[*O]
ΟOmicronu039F

+
\[*P]
ΠPiu03A0

+
\[*R]
ΡRhou03A1

+
\[*S]
ΣSigmau03A3

+
\[*T]
ΤTauu03A4

+
\[*U]
ΥUpsilonu03A5

+
\[*F]
ΦPhiu03A6

+
\[*X]
ΧChiu03A7

+
\[*Q]
ΨPsiu03A8

+
\[*W]
ΩOmegau03A9

+
\[*a]
αalphau03B1

+
\[*b]
βbetau03B2

+
\[*g]
γgammau03B3

+
\[*d]
δdeltau03B4

+
\[*e]
εepsilonu03B5

+
\[*z]
ζzetau03B6

+
\[*y]
ηetau03B7

+
\[*h]
θthetau03B8

+
\[*i]
ιiotau03B9

+
\[*k]
κkappau03BA

+
\[*l]
λlambdau03BB

+
\[*m]
μmuu03BC

+
\[*n]
νnuu03BD

+
\[*c]
ξxiu03BE

+
\[*o]
οomicronu03BF

+
\[*p]
πpiu03C0

+
\[*r]
ρrhou03C1

+
\[ts]
ςsigma1u03C2

terminal sigma +
\[*s]
σsigmau03C3

+
\[*t]
τtauu03C4

+
\[*u]
υupsilonu03C5

+
\[*f]
ϕphiu03D5

(stroked glyph)+
\[*x]
χchiu03C7

+
\[*q]
ψpsiu03C8

+
\[*w]
ωomegau03C9

+
\[+h]
ϑtheta1u03D1

variant theta
\[+f]
φphi1u03C6

variant phi (curly shape)
\[+p]
ϖomega1u03D6

variant pi, looking like omega
\[+e]
ϵuni03F5u03F5

variant epsilon

Card symbols

\[CL]
♣clubu2663

black club suit
\[SP]
♠spadeu2660

black spade suit
\[HE]
♥heartu2665

black heart suit
\[u2662]
♢uni2662u2662

white heart suit
\[DI]
♦diamondu2666

black diamond suit
\[u2661]
♡uni2661u2661

white diamond suit

# AUTHOR

Copyright © 1989-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the

This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It was written by with additions by and

# SEE ALSO

groff(1)
  the GNU roff formatter.
groff(7)
  a short reference of the groff formatting language.

An extension to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J. Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989

September 4, 2005 | Groff Version 1.19.2